Persistent Transmission of Schistosomiasis in Northwest Nigeria: A Community-Based Assessment of Urogenital and Female Genital Infections

Abstract

Urogenital Schistosomiasis (UGS) and Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) remain significant public health concerns in Northwestern Nigeria, particularly among vulnerable populations like adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. Despite ongoing control efforts, transmission persists. This study investigated prevalence, risk factors and socio-demographic characteristics associated with UGS and FGS in selected areas of Jigawa State.

This study enrolled 648 females from six local government areas. Urine samples were analyzed for Schistosoma haematobium eggs to determine the prevalence of UGS. Additionally, 606 participants underwent gynecological examinations to assess prevalence of FGS based on characteristic lesions. Bivariate and multivariate statistical models were used to analyze the relationships between socio-demographic data, water contact behavior sanitation practices and the prevalence of UGS and FGS.

The overall prevalence of UGS was 13.6% (95% CI: 11.0%-16.5%), with Auyo having the highest rate (6.3%) and Buji the lowest (0.6%). For FGS, the prevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 21.7%-28.7%), with Buji (44.5%) and Dutse (38.7%) reporting the highest rates. Multivariate analysis revealed age and geographic location as significant predictors of infection (p<0.001). Adolescents aged 10-14 years were at highest risk for UGS (OR=5.56, p=0.006), while older women were more likely to have FGS due to cumulative exposure.

This study examines UGS and FGS transmission in Jigawa's irrigation areas, relating to socio-demographics. We recommend ongoing interventions like MDA with praziquantel, better sanitation, health education and diagnostics. Focus control on high-risk groups, especially adolescents and women, to lower disease and break transmission.